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Ⅰ. Core Components and Functions 1. Engine Core Role: As the initial power source of the transmission system, it outputs mechanical energy through fuel combustion or electric drive, and directly connects to the drive shaft via the output shaft, initiating the entire transmission chain. Applicable Scenarios: In mechanically driven or hybrid drilling rigs, it is mostly a diesel engine (e.g., V-type 12-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine); in electrically driven drilling rigs, it can be replaced by an electric motor to directly output power to the drive shaft. 2. Drive Shaft Core Role: A rigid/flexible shaft (mostly hollow steel pipe structure, with length designed according to equipment layout) connecting the engine and gearbox. It transmits the mechanical energy output by the engine to the gearbox without interruption, while adapting to slight vibrations and displacements during equipment operation (compensating for angular deviations via universal joints). Technical Features: It must have high torque-bearing capacity (usually ≥5000N・m) and fatigue resistance. Its surface is heat-treated to enhance wear resistance, preventing fracture due to long-term high-speed rotation. 3. Gearbox Core Role: Through internal gear meshing, it converts the high-speed, low-torque power input by the drive shaft into low-speed, high-torque power (e.g., when driving the drill bit) or medium-speed, medium-torque power (e.g., when driving the drawworks), meeting the working condition requirements of different equipment. Key Functions Shift Regulation: Realizes multi-stage switching of speed/torque through hydraulic or mechanical shifting (e.g., using low gear during drilling to enhance bit rock-breaking force, and high gear during tripping to improve efficiency); Reverse Transmission: Some gearboxes support reverse power output (e.g., when the drawworks lowers the drill string, reverse gears are used to achieve braking and deceleration). 4. Chain Core Role: Connects the output end of the gearbox to the bit drive mechanism (e.g., rotary table, top drive). Through the meshing of the chain and sprocket, it transmits the regulated power from the gearbox to the drill bit, driving it to rotate and break rock. Technical Advantages High torque transmission (a single chain can bear 1000-3000N・m torque), suitable for high-load operations of the drill bit, such as breaking hard rock formations; High transmission efficiency with minimal energy loss, simple structure, and low maintenance costs. Applicable Scenarios: Rotary table transmission of onshore drilling rigs and power transmission of top drive systems. 5. Belt Core Role: Through the friction between pulleys and belts, it diverts and transmits power from the gearbox to the drawworks (for tripping drill string) and mud pump for drilling rig (for circulating drilling fluid). Technical Features Flexible transmission: Can buffer power impacts, reducing wear on the gearbox; Low cost and easy replacement: Compared with chains, belts are lighter and quieter, suitable for medium and low-load scenarios. Limitations: Limited torque transmission (usually ≤1000N・m), prone to slipping under long-term high loads, requiring regular tension adjustment. 6. Hydraulic Motor Core Role: Converts the pressure energy of the hydraulic system into mechanical energy to independently drive the drill bit, drawworks, or mud pump. Technical Advantages Wide speed regulation range: Stepless speed regulation of 0-3000r/min can be achieved by adjusting hydraulic oil flow (e.g., real-time adjustment of bit speed according to formation hardness); Strong overload protection: The hydraulic system is equipped with an overflow valve, which automatically relieves pressure during overload to avoid equipment damage (e.g., protecting the bit and motor during pipe sticking); Flexible layout: No rigid connection required, enabling long-distance driving via hydraulic pipelines (e.g., mud pumps far from the power cabin in offshore drilling rigs). Typical Applications: Fine adjustment of top drives in automated drilling rigs, stable tripping of drawworks, and mud pump driving in small workover rigs. Ⅱ. Working Process of the Transmission System Power Output Stage: The engine or motor starts, outputs mechanical energy to the drive shaft, and the drive shaft stably transmits power to the gearbox by compensating for angular deviations through universal joints. Parameter Regulation Stage: The gearbox shifts according to operational requirements (e.g., drilling/tripping) to adjust speed and torque. Power Diversion Stage: High-torque power output by the gearbox is transmitted to the bit drive mechanism (rotary table or top drive) through the chain, driving the bit to rotate and break rock; Medium-torque power is transmitted to the drawworks and mud pump through the belt; The hydraulic motor independently receives power from the hydraulic system to auxiliary drive the bit, drawworks, or mud pump. Ⅲ. Key Technical Requirements and Maintenance Points 1. Technical Requirements Matching: Components must be adapted according to the "power parameter chain" (e.g., engine output torque ≥ drive shaft bearing capacity, gearbox adjustment range covers equipment requirements) to avoid overload; Reliability: In high-temperature and high-humidity environments, chains/belts must be rust-resistant, hydraulic motors must be leak-proof, and gearboxes must use temperature-resistant gear oil. 2. Maintenance Points Chains/Belts: Check tension weekly; lubricate chains and clean pulleys monthly; Gearbox: Replace gear oil every 500 hours; regularly check gear meshing clearance; Hydraulic Motor: Test hydraulic oil contamination level monthly; replace hydraulic oil filters every 1000 hours to prevent impurities from wearing internal components of the motor. The transmission system realizes full-link control of power from "output-regulation-distribution" through the collaboration of multiple components, and its performance directly determines the operational efficiency and equipment service life of the drilling rig. In modern drilling rigs, the combination of mechanical transmission and hydraulic transmission not only ensures reliability in high-load scenarios but also improves adaptability to complex working conditions, serving as the backbone for efficient operation of the drilling system.